In 2009, the ozone hole reached its 10th largest measured size since careful
measurements began in 1979.The daily maximum ozone hole area for 2009 was 24.4
million km2 on 17 September. The daily minimum ozone value area for 2009 was 96
DU on 25 September.
November 17, 2009 NOAA-The
Antarctic ozone hole, which fluctuates throughout the late winter and spring in
the southern hemisphere, reached its 2009 peak circumference in late September,
according to measurements by NOAA researchers. Slightly smaller than the North
American continent, the ozone hole covered 9.2 million square miles, according
to NOAA satellite observations. This ranks as the 10th largest since satellite
measurements began in 1979.
Ozone over South Pole Station,
Antarctica, also reached its thinnest point of the year on Sept. 26. Measured in
Dobson Units (DU) that indicate the amount of ozone in a vertical column of air,
the 2009 low level – 98 DU – is the seventh smallest since 1986. The record low
of 89 DU was recorded on Oct. 6, 1993.
The 2009 ozone hole is essentially
over, with most of the continent experiencing a stratospheric spring warming.
The residual vortex is over the Dronning Maud Land and here minimum ozone values
are around 240 DU and ozone depletion exceeds 30%. Ozone values outside
the polar vortex have dropped to near 400 DU, and inside the vortex ozone values
are rapidly increasing as the atmosphere warms, though the summer circulation is
not yet fully established. The temperature of the ozone layer over
Antarctica is now too warm for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form.
During the early winter, the polar vortex was often rather more elliptical than
it was in 2008, and this lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as
stratospheric clouds became exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a
more circular circulation as winter progressed and this led to another
relatively slow start to the growth of the ozone hole (as measured by
NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until mid August. The vortex
became more elliptical again in late August, with South Georgia being affected
by the fringes of the ozone hole between September 2 and 6. The hole grew
to reach an area of around 24 million square kilometres by mid September, and
then lasted until the end of November. From mid August to mid November it
remained around the average area seen over the past decade. The tip of
South America and South Georgia were affected by the fringes of the ozone hole
from September 24 to September 30, from October 3 to October 7 and from November
8 to 25. South Georgia was affected on November 6.
The 2009 ozone hole is nearing its
end, with most of the continent experiencing a stratospheric spring warming.
The residual vortex is over the Antarctic Peninsula and here minimum ozone
values are around 200 DU and ozone depletion exceeds 40%. Ozone values
outside the polar vortex have dropped to near 400 DU, and inside the vortex
ozone values are rapidly increasing as the atmosphere warms. The
temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica is now too warm for polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form. During the early winter, the polar
vortex was often rather more elliptical than it was in 2008, and this lead to
some early depletion in circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds became
exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a more circular circulation as
winter progressed and this led to another relatively slow start to the growth of
the ozone hole (as measured by NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until
mid August. The vortex became more elliptical again in late August, with
South Georgia being affected by the fringes of the ozone hole between September
2 and 6. The hole grew to reach an area of around 24 million square
kilometres by mid September, but had declined to 9 million square kilometres by
mid November, still a little larger than the average for the past decade.
The tip of South America and South Georgia were affected by the fringes of the
ozone hole from September 24 to September 30, from October 3 to October 7 and
from November 8 to 25. South Georgia was affected on November 6.
The 2009 ozone hole is now waning,
with much of the continent experiencing a stratospheric spring warming.
The residual vortex is over the Weddell Sea and Antarctic Peninsula and here
minimum values are around 160 DU and depletion exceeds 50%. Ozone values
outside the polar vortex have dropped to near 400 DU, and inside the vortex
ozone values are increasing as the atmosphere warms. The temperature of
the ozone layer over Antarctica is now rising, though a small area is still cold
enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to exist. During the early
winter, the polar vortex was often rather more elliptical than it was in 2008,
and this lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as stratospheric
clouds became exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a more circular
circulation as winter progressed and this led to another relatively slow start
to the growth of the ozone hole (as measured by NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not
beginning until mid August. The vortex became more elliptical again in
late August, with South Georgia being affected by the fringes of the ozone hole
between September 2 and 6. The hole grew to reach an area of around 24
million square kilometres by mid September, but had declined to 12 million
square kilometres by mid November. It is now a little larger than the
average for the past decade. The tip of South America and South Georgia
were affected by the fringes of the ozone hole from September 24 to September 30
and again from October 3 to October 7.
The 2009 ozone hole is now waning.
Ozone values outside the polar vortex remain near 450 DU in places, and inside
the vortex ozone values are increasing as the atmosphere warms. Lowest
values are over East Antarctica with minimum values below 150 DU and depletion
exceeding 50% over much of this area,. Unusually, the highest values are
over the Drake Passage. The temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica
is now rising, though a small area is still cold enough for polar stratospheric
clouds (PSCs) to exist. During the early winter, the polar vortex was
often rather more elliptical than it was in 2008, and this lead to some early
depletion in circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds became exposed to
sunlight. It reverted to a more circular circulation as winter
progressed and this led to another relatively slow start to the growth of the
ozone hole (as measured by NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until mid
August. The vortex became more elliptical again in late August, with South
Georgia being affected by the fringes of the ozone hole between September 2 and
6. The hole grew to reach an area of around 24 million square kilometres
by mid September, but had declined to 16 million square kilometres by late
October, similar to the average for the past decade. The tip of South
America and South Georgia were affected by the fringes of the ozone hole from
September 24 to September 30 and again from October 3 to October 7.
The 2009 ozone hole is now waning.
Ozone values outside the polar vortex remain near 450 DU in places, and inside
the vortex ozone values are increasing as the atmosphere warms. Lowest
values are over East Antarctica with minimum values below 150 DU and depletion
exceeding 50% over much of this area,. Unusually, the highest values are
over the Bellingshausen Sea. The temperature of the ozone layer over
Antarctica is now rising, though a small area is still cold enough for polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to exist. During the early winter, the polar
vortex was often rather more elliptical than it was in 2008, and this lead to
some early depletion in circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds became
exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a more circular circulation as
winter progressed and this led to another relatively slow start to the growth of
the ozone hole (as measured by NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until
mid August. The vortex became more elliptical again in late August, with
South Georgia being affected by the fringes of the ozone hole between September
2 and 6. The hole grew to reach an area of around 24 million square
kilometres by mid September, but had declined to 11 million square kilometres by
mid October. The tip of South America and South Georgia were affected by
the fringes of the ozone hole from September 24 to September 30 and again from
October 3 to October 7.
The 2009 ozone hole has formed over
the heart of the continent. Ozone values north of the polar vortex
are near 450 DU in places, whilst inside the vortex ozone values are still
dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values are over the centre
of the continent, with minimum values below 120 DU. Ozone levels are below
normal across the continent, with depletion exceeding 50% in the worst affected
areas, and there are areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The
temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica is just past the annual minimum,
and a large area is cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form.
During the early winter, the polar vortex was often rather more elliptical than
it was in 2008, and this lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as
stratospheric clouds became exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a
more circular circulation as winter progressed and this led to another
relatively slow start to the growth of the ozone hole (as measured by
NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until mid August. The vortex
became more elliptical again in late August, with South Georgia being affected
by the fringes of the ozone hole between September 2 and 6. The hole grew
to reach an area of around 24 million square kilometres by mid September, but
declined to 21 million square kilometres towards the end of the month.
Forecasts suggest that the tip of South America has been affected by the fringes
of the ozone hole from September 24 for several days and will be again from
around October 4.
The 2009 ozone hole has formed over
the heart of the continent. Ozone values north of the polar vortex
are near 450 DU in places, whilst inside the vortex ozone values are still
dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values are over the centre
of the continent, with minimum values below 120 DU. Ozone levels are below
normal across the continent, with depletion exceeding 50% in the worst affected
areas, and there are areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The
temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica is just past the annual minimum,
and a large area is cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form.
During the early winter, the polar vortex was often rather more elliptical than
it was in 2008, and this lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as
stratospheric clouds became exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a
more circular circulation as winter progressed and this led to another
relatively slow start to the growth of the ozone hole (as measured by
NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until mid August. The vortex
became more elliptical again in late August, with South Georgia being affected
by the fringes of the ozone hole between September 2 and 6. It had reached
an area of around 24 million square kilometres by mid September. Forecasts
suggest that the tip of South America has been affected by the fringes of the
ozone hole from September 24 for several days and will be again from around
October 4.
The 2009 ozone hole has formed over
the heart of the continent. Ozone values north of the polar vortex
are near 450 DU in places, whilst inside the vortex ozone values are still
dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values run in a broad
swath from the Amundsen Sea to Dronning Maud Land, with minimum values below 150
DU. Ozone levels are below normal across the continent, with depletion
exceeding 50% in the worst affected areas, and there are areas above normal in
the circumpolar belt. The temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica
is just past the annual minimum, and a large area is cold enough for polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form. During the early winter, the polar
vortex was often rather more elliptical than it was in 2008, and this lead to
some early depletion in circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds became
exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a more circular circulation as
winter progressed and this led to another relatively slow start to the growth of
the ozone hole (as measured by NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until
mid August. The vortex became more elliptical again in late August, with
South Georgia being affected by the fringes of the ozone hole between September
2 and 6. It had reached an area of around 24 million square kilometres by
mid September. Forecasts suggest that the tip of South America will be
affected by the fringes of the ozone hole from September 24 for several days.
The 2009 ozone hole has formed over
the heart of the continent. Ozone values are building north of the
polar vortex, and are above 450 DU in places, whilst inside the vortex ozone
values are dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values run from
the Amundsen Sea to Dronning Maud Land, with minimum values below 150 DU.
Ozone levels are below normal across the continent, with depletion exceeding 50%
in the worst affected areas, and there are areas above normal in the circumpolar
belt. The temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica is just past the
annual minimum, and a large area is cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds
(PSCs) to form. During the early winter, the polar vortex was often rather
more elliptical than it was in 2008, and this lead to some early depletion in
circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds became exposed to sunlight.
It reverted to a more circular circulation as winter progressed and this led to
another relatively slow start to the growth of the ozone hole (as measured by
NASA/SBUV2), with the “hole” not beginning until mid August. The vortex
became more elliptical again in late August, with South Georgia being affected
by the fringes of the ozone hole between September 2 and 6. It had reached
an area of around 24 million square kilometres by mid September. Forecasts
suggest that the tip of South America may be affected by the fringes of the
ozone hole from September 24 for several days.
The 2009 ozone hole has formed over
the heart of the continent. Ozone values are building north of the
polar vortex, and are above 450 DU in places, whilst inside the vortex ozone
values are dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values are over
the Pole with minimum values below 150 DU. Ozone levels are below normal
across the continent, with depletion exceeding 50% in the worst affected areas,
and there are areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The temperature
of the ozone layer over Antarctica is just past the annual minimum, and a large
area is cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form. During
the early winter, the polar vortex was often rather more elliptical than it was
in 2008, and this lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as
stratospheric clouds became exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a
more circular circulation and this led to another relatively slow start to the
growth of the ozone hole (as measured by NASA/SBUV2), with it reaching an area
of around 22 million square kilometres by mid September. The vortex became
more elliptical again in late August, with South Georgia being affected by the
fringes of the ozone hole between September 2 and 6.
2009 September 17 NASA Earth
ObservatoryThe annual ozone hole started developing over the
South Pole in late August 2009, and by September 10, it appeared that the ozone
hole of 2009 would be comparable to ozone depletions over the past decade. This
composite image from September 10 depicts ozone concentrations in Dobson units,
with purple and blues depicting severe deficits of ozone. The image was made
from data collected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard NASA’s Aura
satellite. “We have observed the ozone hole again in 2009, and it appears to be
pretty average so far,” said ozone researcher Paul Newman of NASA’s Goddard
Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “However, we won’t know for another
four weeks how this year’s ozone hole will fully develop.” September 16 marks
the International Day for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, declared by the
United Nations to commemorate the date when the Montreal Protocol was signed to
ban use of ozone-depleting chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Scientists are tracking the size and depth of the ozone hole with observations
from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA’s Aura spacecraft, the Global Ozone
Monitoring Experiment on the European Space Agency’s ERS-2 spacecraft, and the
Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s NOAA-16 satellite. The depth and area of the ozone hole are
governed by the amount of chlorine and bromine in the Antarctic stratosphere.
Over the southern winter, polar stratospheric clouds form in the extreme cold of
the atmosphere, and chlorine gases react on the cloud particles to release
chlorine into a form that can easily destroy ozone. When the sun rises in August
after months of seasonal polar darkness, the sunlight heats the clouds and
catalyzes the chemical reactions that deplete the ozone layer. The ozone hole
begins to grow in August and reaches its largest area in late September to early
October. Recent observations and several studies have shown that the size of the
annual ozone hole has stabilized and the level of ozone-depleting substances has
decreased by 4 percent since 2001. But since chlorine and bromine compounds have
long lifetimes in the atmosphere, a recovery of atmospheric ozone is not likely
to be noticeable until 2022 or later.
The 2009 ozone hole has formed over
the heart of the continent. Ozone values are building north of the
polar vortex, and are above 400 DU in places, whilst inside the vortex ozone
values are dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values are over
the Weddell Sea with minimum values below 170 DU. Ozone levels are below
normal across the continent, with depletion exceeding 40% in the worst affected
areas, and there are areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The
temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica is still generally cooling, and a
large area is cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form.
During the early winter, the polar vortex was often rather more elliptical than
it was in 2008, and this lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as
stratospheric clouds became exposed to sunlight. It reverted to a
more circular circulation and this led to another relatively slow start to the
growth of the ozone hole (as measured by NASA/SBUV2), with it reaching an area
of around 17 million square kilometres by early September. The vortex
became more elliptical again in late August, with South Georgia being affected
by the fringes of the ozone hole between September 2 and 6.
August 25, 2009- Latest information on the current Antarctic ozone hole as
monitored by GOME-2: This
year the Antarctic ozone hole got a head start with greater then average
chemical ozone losses since the mid of August. The vortex is more distorted than
last year increasing the sunlit area. This, and low temperatures led to strong
chlorine activation at the vortex edge.The
World Data Center For Remote Sensing Of The Atmosphere
The daily minimum temperatures at the 50 hPa level have been close to or below
the 1979-2008 average. Until mid June the minimum temperatures at 50 hPa were
below those of 2007 and 2008. In July and August the minimum temperature has
been close to the long-term average and somewhat warmer than in 2008.
The 50 hPa temperatures averaged over the 60-90°S region have been quite close
to the long-term mean until the end of July. During August the temperature has
decreased and by 18 August it is close to the 1979-2008 minimum. A similar
development is also seen at the 30 and 70 hPa levels. At 10 hPa the 60-90°S
region has been colder than the longterm mean most of the winter and the last
few days it has been colder than the 1979-2008 minimum.
Since the onset of NAT temperatures in mid May the NAT area has been close to or
above the 1979-2008 average. In the beginning of August the NAT area increased
somewhat and is now near the 10th percentile, meaning that only 10% of the
winters since 1979 have had a larger NAT area at this time of the year.
Presently the vortex is more elongated than at the same time last year. This has
led to an earlier onset of ozone depletion than usual. On certain days in mid
August the area of the ozone hole was larger than for the same dates in 2000,
the year with the earliest onset of ozone depletion so far.
The geographical extent of the south polar vortex at the isentropic levels 460
K and 500 K has been higher than the1979-2008 average on almost every day since
early April. Since mid July the vortex area has been close to the 1979- 2008
average.
The longitudinally averaged heat flux between 45°S and 75°S is an indication of
how much the stratosphere is disturbed. From April to now the heat flux has been
lower than the 1979-2008 average, except for a period of some weeks in June and
the first half of July. In mid-July, the heat flux decreased somewhat and has,
since then, been below the 1979-2008 average. This is a sign of a stable
vortex.
At the altitude of ~18 km the vortex is now almost entirely depleted of HCl, one
of the reservoir gases that can be transformed to active chlorine. In the sunlit
collar along the vortex edge there is 1.5 – 1.8 ppb of active chlorine (ClO),
and ozone depletion has already started. The south polar vortex is less
concentric in 2009 than in 2008, and this has led to an early onset of ozone
depletion.
As the sun returns to Antarctica after the polar night, it is expected that
ozone destruction will speed up. It is still too early to give a definitive
statement about the development of this year’s ozone hole and the degree of
ozone loss that will occur. This will, to a large extent, depend on the
meteorological conditions.
WMO and the scientific community will use ozone observations from the ground,
from balloons and from satellites together with meteorological data to keep a
close eye on the development during the coming weeks and months.
The 2009 ozone hole is forming over
the heart of the continent. Ozone values are building north of the
polar vortex, and are approaching 400 DU, whilst inside the vortex ozone values
are dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values are over West
Antarctica and here a few areas are below 200 DU. Ozone levels are below
normal across the continent, with depletion exceeding 30% in the worst affected
areas, and there are areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The
temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica is still generally cooling, and a
large area is cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form.
The polar vortex is often rather more elliptical than it was in 2008, and this
lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds
became exposed to sunlight, however it has reverted to a more circular
circulation.
The 2009 ozone hole is beginning to
form over the heart of the continent. Ozone values are building
north of the polar vortex, and are approaching 400 DU, whilst inside the vortex
ozone values are dropping as ozone depletion intensifies. Lowest values
are over Elsworth Land and here they are below 220 DU. Ozone levels
generally remain below normal across the continent, though there are areas above
normal in the circumpolar belt. The temperature of the ozone layer over
Antarctica is still generally cooling, and a large area is cold enough for polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form, though for the first time for about a year,
the mean 70 hPa temperature is above average. The polar vortex is often rather
more elliptical than it was in 2008, and this lead to some early depletion in
circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds became exposed to sunlight, however
it has reverted to a more circular circulation.
The scene is set for the 2009
season and the ozone hole is beginning to form over the heart of the continent.
Contrasts have increased now that the polar vortex has formed with some
circumpolar areas approaching 400 DU and the centre of the continent below 220
DU. Ozone levels generally remain below normal across the continent,
though there are areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The
temperature of the ozone layer over Antarctica is still generally cooling, and a
large area is cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form, though
for the first time for about a year, the mean 70 hPa temperature is above
average. The polar vortex is often rather more elliptical than it was in 2008,
and this has lead to some early depletion in circumpolar regions as
stratospheric clouds become exposed to sunlight, however it has reverted to a
smaller, more circular circulation in the last week.
The scene is being set for the 2009
season and the ozone hole is beginning to form over the heart of the continent.
Contrasts are increasing as the polar vortex builds with some circumpolar areas
now approaching 400 DU and the centre of the continent below 220 DU. Ozone
levels generally remain below normal across the continent, though there are
areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The temperature of the ozone
layer over Antarctica is still cooling, and a large area is now cold enough for
polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form. The ozone layer temperature remains
generally a little below the normal. The polar vortex is often rather more
elliptical than it was in 2008, and this has lead to some early depletion in
circumpolar regions as stratospheric clouds become exposed to sunlight.
The scene is being set for the 2009
season. Contrasts are increasing as the polar vortex builds with some
circumpolar areas now above 370 DU and parts of the continent below 220 DU.
Ozone levels generally remain below normal across the continent, though there
are areas above normal in the circumpolar belt. The temperature of the
ozone layer over Antarctica is cooling from the summer maximum, and an
increasing area is now cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to
form. The ozone layer temperature remains generally a little below the
normal. The polar vortex appears rather more elliptical than it was in 2008.
